
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Table X35. Additional results: alternative definition of second-order majority (demographic plurality).</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="2">Civil violence (group)</td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Maj. (model A123)</td><td>Min. (model A124)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A125)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A126)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy</td><td>-0.979<sup>*</sup></td><td>-1.089<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.855</td><td>-0.144</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.483)</td><td>(0.453)</td><td>(0.694)</td><td>(0.663)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2.289<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.567)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included</td><td>-1.044<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.544</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.294)</td><td>(0.436)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.077</td><td>-0.680</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.460)</td><td>(0.453)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Excluded/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.506</td><td>0.576</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.536)</td><td>(0.482)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state)</td><td>0.599</td><td>1.101</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.004)</td><td>(1.383)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.622</td><td>1.777</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.717)</td><td>(1.746)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.853</td><td>-0.871</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.898)</td><td>(0.954)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit)</td><td>-0.130</td><td>4.841<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.670)</td><td>(0.914)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.784</td><td>1.839</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.151)</td><td>(1.210)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.925<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.882<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.348)</td><td>(0.365)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Asymmetry</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.297</td><td>0.317</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.322)</td><td>(0.319)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (unit, logged)</td><td>0.372<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.234<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.299<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.310<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.094)</td><td>(0.085)</td><td>(0.122)</td><td>(0.120)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Area (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.042</td><td>0.126</td><td>0.464<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.450<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.090)</td><td>(0.135)</td><td>(0.158)</td><td>(0.152)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Avg. ruggedness (unit)</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.001</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Oil in unit</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.620<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.104<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.047<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.517)</td><td>(0.302)</td><td>(0.530)</td><td>(0.543)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance capital (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.027</td><td>0.150</td><td>-0.111</td><td>-0.114</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.153)</td><td>(0.165)</td><td>(0.197)</td><td>(0.187)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance border (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.140</td><td>-0.149</td><td>-0.182<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.168<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.099)</td><td>(0.111)</td><td>(0.099)</td><td>(0.096)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">GDP pc. (logged)</td><td>-0.394<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.861<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.429<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.362</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.180)</td><td>(0.213)</td><td>(0.236)</td><td>(0.239)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (state, logged)</td><td>0.185</td><td>-0.162</td><td>-0.024</td><td>-0.015</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.128)</td><td>(0.141)</td><td>(0.212)</td><td>(0.211)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Democracy</td><td>-0.018</td><td>-1.427<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.265</td><td>0.363</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.690)</td><td>(0.673)</td><td>(0.564)</td><td>(0.573)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Ethnic fractionalization</td><td>-0.704</td><td>0.602</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.267</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.907)</td><td>(1.291)</td><td>(1.144)</td><td>(1.134)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Election year</td><td>-0.629<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.323</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.304</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.296)</td><td>(0.330)</td><td>(0.236)</td><td>(0.228)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years</td><td>-0.511<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.460<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.109)</td><td>(0.127)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 2</td><td>0.030<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.023<sup>†</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.011)</td><td>(0.013)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 3</td><td>-0.001<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.0003</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0004)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence spatial lag</td><td>0.833<sup>***</sup></td><td>1.242<sup>*</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.240)</td><td>(0.502)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.217<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.215<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.072)</td><td>(0.073)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 2</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.010</td><td>0.010</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.010)</td><td>(0.010)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 3</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.0002</td><td>-0.0002</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence spatial lag</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.083<sup>**</sup></td><td>1.042<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.353)</td><td>(0.355)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>1.829</td><td>1.310</td><td>-21.990<sup>***</sup></td><td>-22.855<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(2.406)</td><td>(2.226)</td><td>(2.946)</td><td>(2.990)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">N</td><td>22,769</td><td>155,690</td><td>203,877</td><td>203,877</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Log Likelihood</td><td>-990.961</td><td>-1,604.353</td><td>-1,535.955</td><td>-1,522.230</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">AIC</td><td>2,091.922</td><td>3,318.705</td><td>3,189.909</td><td>3,164.460</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; country-clustered SE’s in parentheses; maj. = second-order majority; min. = second-order minority.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">The dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if there is at least one instance of civil/communal violence involving a group/dyad in a given unit.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Region- and year-fixed effects included but not reported.</td></tr>
</table>
